Starovek
Starovek
Z Wikipédie
Starovek je tradičné označenie obdobia svetových dejín, ktoré sa začína vznikom písomných systémov resp. prvých štátov (oboje okolo 3000 pred Kr. v Mezopotámii a v Egypte) a končí sa rokom 476 (zánik Západorímskej ríše).
Obsah[skryť] |
Geografické vymedzenie [upraviť]
Pojem však nie je ohraničený len časovo, ale aj priestorovo (čiže geograficky), pretože štáty nevznikali ani zďaleka všade v rovnakom čase. Geograficky sa teda pojem vzťahuje na Stredomorie a susediace územia, Čínu, Indiu a Blízky Východ. Niektorí historici obmedzujú pojem starovek len na hore uvedené územia okrem Číny a Indie. Kultúra Mayov v dnešnom Mexiku, ani iné americké kultúry sa obvykle nepovažujú za súčasť staroveku, hoci by tam časovo zapadli.
Časové vymedzenie [upraviť]
Začiatok staroveku (koniec praveku) [upraviť]
Treba si uvedomiť, že starovek v užšom zmysle slova sa začal na rôznych miestach v rôznych obdobiach. Kým v Egypte, Mezopotámii a inde vznikali prvé štáty, Európa bola ešte v hlbokom praveku. Staroveký Rím napríklad vznikol až v roku 753 pred Kr., zatiaľ čo Egypt okolo roku 3000 pred Kr.
Za kultúrny medzník medzi pravekom a starovekom sa pokladá objavenie písma a organizovaných štátnych celkov (Egypt, Mezopotámia).
Koniec staroveku (začiatok stredoveku) [upraviť]
Niektorí historici kladú koniec staroveku (začiatok stredoveku) do:
- 3. storočia po Kr. (kríza Rímskeho cisárstva)
- 313 (Milánsky edikt akceptujúci kresťanstvo)
- 324 (začiatok samovlády Konštantína Veľkého, konečné víťazstvo kresťanstva)
- 330 (vznik Konštantínopolu na odlíšenie od „pohanského“ Ríma)
- 476 (zánik Západorímskej ríše)
- 395 (začiatok Sťahovania národov)
- cca. 500
- 526 (smrť ostrogótskeho kráľa Teodoricha Veľkého v Itálii)
- 529: cisár Justinián dal zatvoriť Platónsku Akadémiu a Benedikt z Nursie založil benediktínske opátstvo Monte Cassino.
- 632: smrť Mohameda
- 800 (Karoľ Veľký sa stal cisárom)
alebo do iných rokov ležiacich v rozpätí 3. stor. až 800. Koniec sa tiež všeobecne kladie do obdobia Sťahovania národov (4–6. stor. ) alebo vpádu Arabov, t. j. islamu, do Stredomoria (7. - 8. stor.) alebo konca grécko-rímskej antiky (tzv. klasického staroveku).
Všeobecne sa za koniec staroveku prijíma rok 476. Posledný cisár Západorímskej ríše Romulus Augustus, zvaný Augustulus, bol 4. 9. 476 prinútený germánskym vodcom Odoakrom vzdať sa cisárskeho trónu a titulu. Kým na východe ďalej existovala Východorímska ríša, v stredoveku nazývaná Byzantská ríša, územie Západorímskej ríše zaujali barbarské kráľovstvá.
Nech už sa symbolická hranica umiestni kamkoľvek, faktom zostáva, že okolo roku 750 už existovala mocenská sústava založená na Byzantskej ríši, arabskom Kalifáte a Franskej ríši, ktorá bola charakteristická pre skorý stredovek.
Z pohľadu štátov strednej, východnej a severnej Európy, a teda aj Slovenska (mimo časti priamo začlenej do Rímskeho impéria), treba poukázať na absenciu staroveku. Z praveku tak domáce obyvateľstvo vstúpilo medzi 8. - 12. storočím do stredoveku, pretože až vtedy sa splnili podmienky charakterizujúce včastný stredovek. Viaceré (budúce) národy (napríklad Česi, Maďari, Poliaci, Rusi) sa usadili, rozpadlo sa im rodové zriadenie, začali budovať prvé štáty a prijali kresťanstvo. Na Slovensku a Morave bol tento proces ukončený už skôr, koncom 8. storočia (Nitrianske kniežatstvo a Moravské kniežatstvo), i keď v 10 storočí bol vývoj prerušený mocenským vákuom.
Antika [upraviť]
Najmä v západnej Európe sa často používa aj pojem antika (z lat. antiquus = starý). Výraz antika je novoveký, razili ho vo francúzskom prostredí. Tento pojem pôvodne znamenal grécko-rímske umenie, od začiatku 20. storočia však aj (len) grécko-rímsky starovek ako historickú epochu, ktorá sa začína prisťahovaleckými vlnami v Grécku v 2. tisícročí pred Kr. a končí s koncom rímskeho cisárstva, presnejšie niektorým z horeuvedených rokov až po rok 476. Je to teda časový úsek staroveku, v ktorom vznikli a rozvinuli sa vo výtvarných umeniach i krásnej literatúre, vo vede i filozofii, v politickej teórii i praxi, zásluhou gréckych a rímskych tvorcov kultúrne hodnoty, ktoré sa stali základom európskej - a jej prostredníctvom do značnej miery aj svetovej - vzdelanosti.
Priestorovo sa pojem obmedzuje na územia pod vplyvom gréckej kultúry v Stredomorí, neskôr aj na celú Rímsku ríšu.
Existuje aj pojem neskorá antika (prevzatý z dejín umenia), ktorý sa začína spolu s rímskym dominátom, čiže roku 284, a končí smrťou cisára Justiniána roku 565 alebo občas všeobecne vpádom Arabov v 7. storočí.
Antika vo filozofii [upraviť]
F. Novotný definoval antiku ako stále prítomnú sústavu, v ktorej sú ustálené a trvajú mnohé zo zložiek života starogréckeho národa. Pojem antiky je podľa neho do značnej miery umelý a už viackrát bol vytvorený, a to zakaždým rovnako; rôzne doby, či dokonca rôzni ľudia, majú antiku rozličnú, antiku svoju. Antikou rozumel Novotný teda nedeliteľnú jednotu gréckej a rímskej kultúry.
Podľa českého historika D. Třeštíka - tak ako existuje v našom povedomí - je antika vlastne obrazom zloženým z prvkov vybraných z klasického Grécka (a tu ešte predovšetkým z Atén) a z ich napodobenín z Ríme 1. storočia. Antické však nie je totožné nielen so starovekým, ale ani s klasickým.
Charakteristika [upraviť]
V princípe možno rozlíšiť dve základné skupiny štátov.
Starý Orient [upraviť]
Sem patria najstaršie kultúrne oblasti:
- Mezopotámia (prvé mestské štáty Sumerov vznikli asi po roku 3500 pred Kr.)
- Egypt (vznik štátov Horného a Dolného Egypta asi roku 3200 pred Kr. )
- India (vznik mestských štátov Protoindov pri Inde asi roku 2400 pred Kr. )
- Čína (legendárny počiatok ríše 2200 pred Kr. , archeologický počiatok zatiaľ 1766 pred Kr. )
Niekedy ich nazývame aj orientálne despocie alebo starootrokárske štáty.
Ich všeobecné znaky sú:
- vhodné prírodné podmienky (v teplých oblastiach na veľriekach - Níl, Tigris, Ganga a pod. )
- závlahové hospodárstvo: Záplavy prinášali úrodné nánosy pôdy. Budovali sa kanály a závlahové zariadenia, aby bola úroda aj v časoch a oblastiach sucha. Budovali sa protizápavové priehrady
- despotická forma vlády (neobmedzená vláda jednotlica)
- stáročná nemennosť zriadenia, názorov na svet, prírodu a spoločnosť, nemenosť spôsobu výroby a vrstiev spoločnosti
- vládnuce vrstvy:
- panovník (zástupca boha, jeho moc pochádzala od boha)
- kňazi (podporovali panovníkovu moc)
- úradníci
- vojenskí hodnostári
- vykorisťovaní:
- dedinská občina (čiže roľníci a remeselníci; dedinská občina vystriedala rodovú obec)
- otroci
- výroba mala poľnohospodársky charakter
- podľa marxistov tzv. ázijský spôsob výroby:
- Otroci nepracovali na súkromných pozemkoch alebo dieľňach (ako v antike), ale boli spoločným vlastníctvom vládnucej triedy resp. občiny.
- Otroci netvorili hlavnú pracovnú silu - tú tvorili slobodní chudobní občania.
- Značná potreba spoločnej práce
Klasický starovek [upraviť]
Sem patria najmä:
- Kréta (vznik Egejskej kultúry okolo 3000 pred Kr.)
- Staroveké Grécko (vznik Egejskej kultúry okolo 3000 pred Kr. , vznik mestských štátov okolo 800 pred Kr. )
- Chetiti (vznik Chetitskej ríše okolo 1900 pred Kr. )
- Fenícia (obsadenie pobrežia a budovanie miest okolo r. 2000 pred Kr. )
- Rím (vznik mestského štátu Rím okolo 753 pred Kr. )
Ich všeobecné znaky sú:
- prímorské štáty
- prevzali kultúrne bohatstvo Starého orientu
- dynamickosť dejín, vrátane zmien vrstiev spoločnosti
- rozvoj remesiel a obchodu (nie len poľnohospodárstvo)
- podľa marxistov tzv. antický spôsob výroby:
- premena občinovej držby pôdy na individuálne súkromné vlastníctvo
- počet otrokov stále narastal
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